The right analysis tools Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The right analysis tools - Assignment Example For instance if an analytic tool such as the net margin ratio revealed that the firm’s profit margin was low, the analytical tool by itself would not give the person that found those results any type of plan on how to fix the problem. The managers are the people that interpret the data to determine the best course of action to fix the issue the firm is facing. Analytical tools without a manager or decision maker competent to make good decisions on how to remedy the situation are virtually worthless. The use of financial analytical tools help increase the credibility of the information been released by the management team of a company (Dooley). The use of analytical financial tools can greatly help a manager’s ability to make routine decisions. For instance a company can have daily income statements to determine the profitability of a firm on a daily basis. If a manager notices that the profitability of a firm goes down for several consecutive days he can then check and audit the numbers to determine the factors that caused the profitability of the firm to go down. Analytical tools can also help in quality and staffing considerations. It is important for the HR department of firms to use analytical tools to evaluate the performance of each of their employees. 3. How can analysis tools help the finance or accounting arms of a company more so than operations managers? (For example, do computers really think? Do they learn from their mistakes? Can they manipulate or change their environment?) Analytic tools to evaluate operation management are important, but I believe that analytical tools to evaluate the finances or accounting or a company can be more valuable. The reason for my opinion is based on the fact that finance analytical tools can help managers determine critical information about the status of an ongoing operation. For example the current ratio is a finance analytical tool that helps

Human Behavior Organization Essay Example for Free

Human Behavior Organization Essay Human behavior is important in an organization as it defines how people work together and interact with one another. A co-operative team with an established leader will produce better results than a group of people that have no guidance and dont know how to work with one another. Organizations spend time and effort in the human resources department ensuring human behavior in the workplace is appropriate and productive. †¢ Human behavior and the organization hierarchy Human behavior is of crucial importance in the establishment of a hierarchy. Hierarchies are necessary in every kind of organization, from schools to companies to charities. Some homes even have a hierarchy established. Hierarchies allow workers in an organization to pursue similar objectives by working together. Leaders are needed to guide organization members through day-to-day tasks. Human behavior dictates the strongest will be highest in a hierarchy, as it is for those people organization members have the greatest respect. For instance, in a company, it will be those with the most work experience and highest standard of qualifications who gain high hierarchy positions. †¢ Human behavior and co-operation Human behavior allows members of an organization to work together effectively. As people know the necessary way in which to interact with one another, they can communicate effectively and build good working relationships that allow organization objectives to be pursued with maximum effect. Sometimes it is necessary to influence and change human behavior in terms of cooperation. For instance, a few decades ago it was considered the norm for male colleagues to call female colleagues pet names such as love and hun. Nowadays, this is thought to be unprofessional and even derogatory. Any organization member who treats their colleagues in a way that is deemed inappropriate can face disciplinary procedures if they do not alter their behavior.

Digital Revolution Essay -- Internet Inequality Web Access Essays

Digital Revolution The world we live in today is a very fascinating and mysterious place. While many people are intrigued that there might be life on another planet, cyberspace is a whole other world on earth. The widespread impact and use of the Internet did not mesmerize the world until the early 1990s. The author, John Schwartz, examines some of the effects the Internet has had on a small town. Another author, Dale Spender, focuses on the effects of the Internet on the world as a whole. In spite of everything, the Internet is an innovative technology and the consequences that the Internet has on the world is unknown. Dale Spender is a feminist scholar, writer, teacher and consultant. In the article Social Policy for Cyberspace, she is mainly concerned with the digital divide. The digital divide classifies those who have Internet access and those who do not. Spender believes that before people worry about getting a personal computer in every household, we should worry about those who are just trying to survive everyday life. Spender says that she wants to resolve the use of technology to improve the quality of life. I dont want to see it (the internet) used or misused to enhance the lives of the few at the expense of the many (266). Throughout the article, Spender argues that access to information should be a divine human right. In the article The American Dream, and Email for All, John Schwartz examines all the positive effects of having a town completely wired. Blacksburg, Virginia may seem like your average small town community. However, this town is different because Bell Atlantic gave grants to the town to have 60% of the citizens connected online. This community is known as the Blacksburg Electronic Village or htt... ...is nation should not feel obligated to act as a charity organization to help modernize third world countries. As one can see, Dale Spender and John Schwartz both bring up good points about having Internet access. Spender focuses mainly on the digital divide. She wants people to worry about the status of third world countries before technology advances. John Schwartz focuses mainly on a small town being connected and all the positive effects that the Internet has had on the small town. I believe that the Internet is a wonderful tool that everyone can benefit from but we need to let this technology advance before we worry about third world countries. Works Cited Schwartz, John. The American Dream, and Email for All. Composing Cyberspace. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Spender, Dale. Social Policy for Cyberspace. Composing Cyberspace. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Gender Equality Essay

Paying more attention to the differences between boys and girls, or men and women, starts getting people to have many ideas about them. The question remains whether we should ignore them or not. I don’t blame the family in the rural Canada for making the girl feel like she’s nothing more than just a girl, because simply these people there could be ignorant. There is a difference of course between men and women, but not that one is inferior to the other, rather as equal but distinct beings. Right before writing my opinion about boys and girls, I asked my dad whether he though there was a difference, and that maybe a girl is a girl because of influence and experience. He told me how he used to take my sister and me to Toys‘r’Us when we were small. He would bring us to what he thought were the cool toys such as mechanical gadgets and how we wouldn’t even look at them and directly walk off like zombies to the Barbie section. This explains how maybe it is in our genes, which bring off a kind of barrier, a difference between a boy, and a girl. Now maybe feminists take it a little to the extreme about female rights, but isn’t that because people (mostly men) have taken the difference between boys and girls to an extent where they forget about equality and what woman are really capable of doing? I still believe that there are many ways of stereotyping men and women these days, even as distinct as they were in the rural Canada in the selection. It is possible, but I believe the more educated we are, the less we will care about whether we are a man or a woman. In some countries, it is the communities’ traditions which still give to men more rights and privileges than to women. This is mostly because people in those areas are not yet socially evolved to the Western level. For example, in Saudi Arabia woman wont dare revolt or express their ideas of what’s really unfair or unethical to them or not. We need to stop buying into the myth about gender equality. It isn’t a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only 77 percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change. Men have to demand that their wives, daughters, mothers and sisters earn more—commensurate with their qualifications and not their gender. Equality will be achieved when men and women are granted equal pay and equal respect. Humanity requires both men and women, and we are equally important and need one another. So why are we viewed as less than equal? These old attitudes are drilled into us from the very beginning. We have to teach our boys the rules of equality and respect, so that as they grow up, gender equality becomes a natural way of life. And we have to teach our girls that they can reach as high as humanly possible. We have a lot of work to do, but we can get there if we work together. Women are more than 50 percent of the population and more than 50 percent of the voters. We must demand that we all receive 100 percent of the opportunities.

Planning Matrix Essay

The Decision Stage Analysis and intuition provide a basis for making strategy-formulation decisions. The matching techniques just discussed reveal feasible alternative strategies. Many of these strategies will likely have been proposed by managers and employees participating in the strategy analysis and choice activity. Any additional strategies resulting from the matching analyses could be discussed and added to the list of feasible alternative options. As indicated earlier in this chapter, participants could rate these strategies on a 1 to 4 scale so that a prioritized list of the best strategies could be achieved. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) is a high-level strategic management approach for evaluating possible strategies. Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix or a QSPM provides an analytical method for comparing feasible alternative actions. The QSPM method falls within so-called stage 3 of the strategy formulation analytical framework. [pic] The left column of a QSPM consists of key external and internal factors (identified in stage 1). The left column of a QSPM lists factors obtained directly from the EFE matrix and IFE matrix. The top row consists of feasible alternative strategies (provided in stage 2) derived from the SWOT analysis, SPACE matrix, BCG matrix, and IE matrix. The first column with numbers includes weights assigned to factors. How to Construct a QSPM Step 1 Make a list of the firm’s key external opportunities/threats and internal strengths/weaknesses in the left column of the QSPM. This information should be taken directly from the EFE Matrix and IFE Matrix. A minimum of 10 external critical success factors and 10 internal critical success factors should be included in the QSPM. Step 2 Assign weights to each key external and internal factor. These weights are identical to those in the EFE Matrix and the IFE Matrix. The weights are presented in a straight column just to the right of the external and internal critical success factors. Step 3 Examine the Stage 2 (matching) matrices and identify alternative strategies that the organization should consider implementing. Record these strategies in the top row of the QSPM. Group the strategies into mutually exclusive sets if possible. Step 4 Determine the Attractiveness Scores (AS), defined as numerical values that indicate the relative attractiveness of each strategy in a given set of alternatives. Attractiveness Scores are determined by examining each key external or internal factor, one at a time, and asking the question, â€Å"Does this factor affect the choice of strategies being made?† If the answer to this question is yes, then the strategies should be compared relative to that key factor. Specifically, Attractiveness Scores should be assigned to each strategy to indicate the relative attractiveness of one strategy over others, considering the particular factor. The range for Attractiveness Scores is 1 = not attractive, 2 = somewhat attractive, 3 = reasonably attractive, and 4 = highly attractive. If the answer to the above question is no, indicating that the respective key factor has no effect upon the specific choice being made, then do not assign Attractiveness Scores to the strategies in that set. Use a dash to indicate that the key factor does not affect the choice being made. Note: If you assign an AS score to one strategy, then assign AS score(s) to the other. In other words, if one strategy receives a dash, then all others must receive a dash in a given row. Step 5 Compute the Total Attractiveness Scores. Total Attractiveness Scores are defined as the product of multiplying the weights (Step 2) by the Attractiveness Scores (Step 4) in each row. The Total Attractiveness Scores indicate the relative attractiveness of each alternative strategy, considering only the impact of the adjacent external or internal critical success factor. The higher the Total Attractiveness Score, the more attractive the strategic alternative (considering only the adjacent critical success factor). Step 6 Compute the Sum Total Attractiveness Score. Add Total Attractiveness Scores in each strategy column of the QSPM. The Sum Total Attractiveness Scores reveal which strategy is most attractive in each set of alternatives. Higher scores indicate more attractive strategies, considering all the relevant external and internal factors that could affect the strategic decisions. The magnitude of the difference between the Sum Total Attractiveness Scores in a given set of strategic alternatives indicates the relative desirability of one strategy over another. Limitations of QSPM A limitation of the QSPM is that it can be only as good as the prerequisite information and matching analyses upon which it is based. Another limitation is that it requires good judgment in assigning attractiveness scores. Also, the sum total attractiveness scores can be really close such that a final decision is not clear. Like all analytical tools however, the QSPM should not dictate decisions but rather should be developed as input into the owner’s final decision. Advantages of QSPM A QSPM provides a framework to prioritize the strategies, it can be used for comparing strategies at any level such as corporate, business and functional.The other positive feature of QSPM that it integrate external and internal factors into decision making process.A QSPM can be developed for small and large scale profit and non-profit organizations. Cultural Aspects of Strategy Choice All organizations have a culture. Culture includes the set of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, customs, norms, personalities, heroes, and heroines that describe a firm. Culture is the unique way an organization does business. It is the human dimension that creates solidarity and meaning, and it inspires commitment and productivity in an organization when strategy changes are made. It is beneficial to view strategic management from a cultural perspective because success often rests upon the degree of support that strategies receive from a firm’s culture. If a firm’s strategies are supported by cultural products such as values, beliefs, rites, rituals,ceremonies, stories, symbols, language, heroes, and heroines, then managers often canimplement changes swiftly and easily. However, if a supportive culture does not exist and is not cultivated, then strategy changes may be ineffective or even counterproductive. A firm’s culture can become antagonistic to new strategies, and the result of that antagonism may be confusion and disarray. Culture provides an explanation for the difficulties a firm encounters when it attempts to shift its strategic direction.

The Revolutionary War Hero Ethan Allen

The Revolutionary War Hero Ethan Allen Ethan Allen was born in Litchfield, Connecticut in 1738. He fought in the American Revolutionary War. Allen was the leader of the Green Mountain Boys and along with Benedict Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775 in what was the first American victory of the war. After Allen’s attempts to have Vermont become a state failed, he then unsuccessfully petitioner to have Vermont become part of Canada. Vermont became a state two years after Allen’s death in 1789. Early Years Ethan Allen was born on January 21, 1738, to Joseph and Mary Baker Allen in Litchfield, Connecticut, Shortly after birth, the family moved to the neighboring town of Cornwall. Joseph wanted him to attend Yale University, but as the oldest of eight children, Ethan was forced to run the family property upon Josephs’ death in 1755.   Around 1760, Ethan made his first visit to the New Hampshire Grants, which is presently in the state of Vermont. At the time, he was serving in the Litchfield County militia fighting in the Seven Years’ War. In 1762, Ethan married Mary Brownson and they had five children.  After Mary’s death in 1783, Ethan married Frances Fanny Brush Buchanan in 1784 and they had three children. The beginning of the Green Mountain Boys Although Ethan served in the French and Indian War, he did not see any action.  After the war, Allen purchased land near the New Hampshire Grants in what is now Bennington, Vermont. Shortly after purchasing this land, a dispute arose between New York and New Hampshire over the land’s sovereign ownership. In 1770, in response to a New York Supreme Court ruling that the New Hampshire Grants were invalid, a militia named the â€Å"Green Mountain Boys† was formed in order to keep their land free and clear from the so-called â€Å"Yorkers†.  Allen was named as their leader and the Green Mountain Boys used intimidation and sometimes violence in order to force the Yorkers to leave. Role in the American Revolution At the onset of the Revolutionary War, the Green Mountain Boys immediately joined forces with the Continental Army. The Revolutionary War officially began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.  A major consequence of the â€Å"Battles† was the Siege of Boston whereby colonial militiamen surrounded the city in an attempt to keep the British Army from leaving Boston. After the siege began, Massachusetts military governor for the British, General Thomas Gage realized the importance of Fort Ticonderoga and sent a dispatch to General  Guy Carleton, Quebec’s governor, ordering him to send additional troops and munitions to Ticonderoga. Before the dispatch could reach Carleton in Quebec, the Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan and in a joint effort with Colonel Benedict Arnold were ready to attempt to overthrow the British at Ticonderoga.  At the break of dawn on May 10, 1775, the Continental Army won the first American victory of the young war when it crossed Lake Champlain and a force that numbered around one hundred militiamen overran the fort and captured the British forces while they slept. There was not a single soldier killed on either side nor were there any serious injuries during this battle. The following day, a group of the Green Mountain Boys led by Seth Warner took Crown Point, which was another British fort just a few miles north of Ticonderoga.   One major result of these battles was that colonial forces now had the artillery that they would need and use throughout the War. Ticonderoga’s location made the perfect staging ground for Continental Army to initiate their first campaign during the Revolutionary War – an invasion of into the British-held province of Quebec, Canada. Attempt to Overtake Fort St. John In May, Ethan led a detachment of 100 Boys to overtake Fort St. John.  The group was in four bateaux, but failed to take provisions and after two days without food, his men were extremely hungry. They came across on Lake St. John, and while Benedict Arnold provided the men food he also attempted to discourage Allen from his goal. However, he refused to heed the warning. When the group landed just above the fort, Allen learned that at least 200 British regulars were approaching. Being outnumbered, he led his men across the Richelieu River where his men spent the night. While Ethan and his men rested, the British began to fire artillery at them from across the river, causing the Boys to panic and return to Ticonderoga. Upon their return, Seth Warner replaced Ethan as the leader of the Green Mountain Boys due to their losing respect for Allen’s actions in trying to overtake Fort St. John. Campaign in Quebec Allen was able to convince Warner to allow him to stay on as a civilian scout as the Green Mountain Boys were participating in the campaign in Quebec. On September 24, Allen and about 100 men crossed the Saint Lawrence River, but the British had been alerted to their presence. In the ensuing  Battle of Longue-Pointe, he and about 30 of his men were captured. Allen was imprisoned in Cornwall, England for approximately two years and returned to the United States on May 6, 1778, as part of a prisoner exchange. Time After the War Upon his return, Allen settled in Vermont, a territory which had declared its independence from the United States as well as from Britain. He  took it upon himself to petition the Continental Congress to make Vermont the fourteenth U.S. state, but due to Vermont having disputes with surrounding states of over the rights to the territory, his attempt failed.  He then negotiated with Canadian governor Frederick Haldimand to become part of Canada but those attempts also failed. His  attempts to have Vermont become part of Canada which would have reunited the state with Great Britain, eroded the public’s confidence in his political and diplomatic capabilities. In 1787,  Ethan retired to his home in what is now Burlington, Vermont.  He died in Burlington on February 12, 1789. Two years later, Vermont joined the United States. Two of Ethan’s sons graduated from  West Point  and then serve in the  United States Army. His daughter  Fanny  converted to  Catholicism  and then she entered a convent. A grandson,  Ethan Allen Hitchcock, was a  Union Army  general in the  American Civil War.

Private SAT Testing Sites and Testing Closer to Home

Private SAT Testing Sites and Testing Closer to Home SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you trying to register for the SAT but can't find any testing centers close to where you live? What should you do? College Board, the corporation that develops and administers the SAT, offers a way for students to take the SAT at a location closer to them, called â€Å"testing closer to home.†Read on to learn more about this special accommodation, its benefits and drawbacks, and how to apply for it. What Is Private SAT Testing and Testing Closer to Home? Testing closer to home is a special accommodation offered by the College Board for students taking the SAT or SAT subject tests.It’s available for students who do not live close to an official SAT testing center. This accommodation is oftenused by international students because SAT testing centers are not as numerous in countries outside the US. However, American students living in rural areas or those living in a region affected by a natural disaster may not have an SAT testing center nearby and may also need to request testing closer to home. In order to request testing closer to home, yousubmit a request to the College Board, and if it is approved, the College Board will attempt to open a testing center closer to where you live.Your new testing center will be assigned to you; you do not get to choose where you’d like to take the SAT. This testing center will still have a proctor and follow the rules of regular SAT testing. If you need and are eligible for other special accommodations, such as extended time to complete the exam, you will have to visit the College Board’s Service for Students with Disabilities site to separatelyrequest additional accommodations. Your test will still be taken on one of the official SAT test days; testing closer to home does not allow you to change the date of your exam.The College Board will attempt to have multiple students take the test together, but there is a possibility that will you take the SAT alone, with just a proctor. Who Is Eligible for Testing Closer to Home? Students who live more than 75 miles (120 kilometers) from the nearest testing center are eligible to request that College Board try to open a new testing site near them. This accommodation is also available for test takers outside the US, however; it is not available in India or Pakistan. For students taking the test outside of the US, testing closer to home is only available for test dates from November to March (not the October or June test dates).Testing closer to home is not available for students registering late, either in the US or abroad. If there aren't any test centers near you, you may need to apply for testing closer to home How Do You Apply for Testing Closer to Home? If you meet the eligibility requirements and are interested in applying for testing closer to home, the first step is to fill out the paper registration form for the SAT. When you need to enter the code for your testing center on the registration form, fill in 02000 for the first choice, and leave the second choice blank.You also must attach a letter describing your situation and why you are requesting a closer testing center. This letter doesn’t need to be lengthy, just state where you are, where your closest testing center is, how far it is from you, and why it would be difficult or impossible for you to travel there to take the SAT. Then state that you’d like to be able to take the test at a location closer to where you live. Next,mail in the registration form and the letter to the mailing address listed on the registration form instructions.These documents must be mailed early!If you are taking the test in the US, the letter must be mailed by the postmark deadline date for regular registration, which occurs about a month before the test date. If you are taking the test in an international location, then the letter must be mailed early enough so that it will be received by the early registration deadline date.The early registration deadline is about five weeks before the test date, so you will want to mail your letter about two months before your desired SAT test date. Within several weeks, the College Board will notify you of whether or not your request has been approved.If approved, you will be mailed an Admission Ticket showing your test center assignment several weeks before you take the SAT. What Are the Benefits of Testing Closer to Home? Why would a student want to apply for testing closer to home? There are several benefits: Closer Testing Center This is obviously the biggest advantage. Applying to take the SAT closer to where you live can make it much easier to take the test or even make it possible for students who wouldn’t normally be able to get to a testing center because of the distance. Your Availabilityto Take the SAT may Increase If your closest regular testing center is far away, there may only be a certain testing date when you can travel there. This date may not coordinate well with your schedule, it may be too early for you to have done enough studying, or it may be too late to send the scores to some colleges.Having a testing center closer to you may give you more options for when to take the SAT. Keep in mind though that, even with testing closer to home, you will still only be able to take the SAT on official testing daysand that, for international students, this accommodation is only available from November to March. Can Reduce Anxiety Having a testing center closer to where you live can also reduce some of the stress and anxiety surrounding the SAT. You will likely be more familiar with the area where you will be taking the test and can worry less about traveling. Knowing where your test center is can help you be more confident for the SAT. Image Source: clipartzebraz What Are Potential Downsides to Testing Closer to Home? You Must Apply Early You will need to know when you’d like to take the SAT at least 1-2 months before the testing date in order to submit your request on time. Therefore, testing closer to home isn’t a good option for students trying to take the SAT on short notice. More Paperwork In order to apply for testing closer to home, you must submit the paper registrationform through the mail; you cannot submit the form online. You must also write a letter to the College Board explaining why you need a testing center closer to where you live. Applying for testing closer to home will take more time than registering for the SAT at an already designated testing center because filling out a paper version of the registration form often takes more time than filling it out online, and you must also write a letter explaining your situation and why you qualify for testing closer to home. Delayed Response Most of the time, when you register for the SAT, you will know pretty much immediately if you will be able to take the test on a certain date and where you will be taking it.When you apply for testing closer to home, you will have to wait several weeks to hear back from the College Board to learn if they accepted your request and, if so, where your testing center will be. This delay can be stressful, and it can also make planning other parts of your schedule difficult until you receive confirmation from the College Board. May Not Make Traveling to the Test Center Easier If they approve your request, the College Board will choose where your new testing center will be. This location will be closer to you, but that does not automatically mean it will be easier to get to. Even if it’s closer, your new testing center may be in an area without public transportation, suffer from bad traffic, or have other transportation difficulties.Closer does not automatically mean easier to get to! So, Should You Apply for Testing Closer to Home? As you now know, there are both positive and negative benefits to applying for the College Board’s testing closer to home accommodation. So how do you know if it’s right for you? Ask yourself the following questions to help you decide: Do You Meet the Eligibility Requirements? The first step in determining whether you should apply for testing closer to home is to make sure you are eligible.Is your closest testing center more than 75 miles/120 kilometers from where you live? Are you living in a country other than India or Pakistan? If taking the test internationally, are you applying for a test date between November and March? If you meet all these requirements, read on to help make your decision. Do You Have Enough Time to Apply? If taking the test in the United States, you will need to apply at least a month before the date you’d like to take the SAT.If taking the test abroad, you will need to apply at least two months in advance. Before you start applying for testing closer to home, make sure your request will arrive by the deadline. Do you have enough time to request testing closer to home? How Difficult Will It Be to Get to YourCurrent Test Center? This is the most important consideration.The testing closer to home accommodation requires additional time and effort to apply, and you want to make sure this extra work is worth it.Find where you closest current testing center would beand ask yourself: How far is this testing center from me? Do I know how to get there or know someone who does? Would I be able to get there on test day? How? Is carpooling an option? (Maybe you have a friend taking the SAT who can drive you) If you’re not sure how difficult it would be for you to get to the current closest test center, you can have a practice run where you pick a day to travel there and see how difficult and time-consuming it would be. How Do You Feel About Taking the Test With Fewer Students? There is no guarantee as to how many people you will take the SAT with if you apply for and are approved for testing closer to home. However, it will likely be fewer than if you were taking the test at a standard testing center, and there is also a chance that you will be the only test taker in the room. Some people think this is a benefit because they find the noises others make, like rustling papers or scuffing their feet, distracting.Others may feel uncomfortable or pressured if they are the only person in the room with a proctor for several hours.Consider how you would feel about this before applying. Final Decision If after analyzing your current options you feel that you either cannot travel to the closest testing center or getting there would require a lot of extra time, effort, or stress, and you meet the eligibility requirements, then you should apply for testing closer to home Summary Testing closer to home is a special accommodation offered by the College Board for SAT test takers who do not live close to an already established test center. It is available for people who live more than 75 miles/120 kilometers from a test center. Both domestic and international test takers can apply, but it is not available in India or Pakistan. You should apply for this accommodation if traveling to the current closest testing center is impossible or would require a great deal of time and effort. For more information and to apply, go to the College Board’s website on testing closer to home What's Next? Do you have other questions about registering for the SAT? Read our complete guide to SAT registration, with pictures. Make sure you know what to expect on test day, including how long the SAT takes and rules you must follow. Wondering about other SAT accommodations? Find all the information you need to know about them in our guide! Studying for the SAT? Check out our ultimate guide to SAT prep for all the information you need to get a great SAT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

ESL Lesson for Creating a New Product

ESL Lesson for Creating a New Product Nowadays, its common to talk about products, their functionality and marketing. In this lesson, students come up with a product idea, mock-up a design for the product and present a marketing strategy. Each student owns a step of the process in the final presentation to the class. Combine this lesson with a lesson on pitching a product and students can practice the essential elements of finding investors.   Aim: Learning vocabulary related to product development, developing team player skills Activity: Develop, design and market a new product Level: Intermediate to advanced level learners Lesson Outline Bring one of your favorite innovative products into class. Ask questions using the vocabulary terms provided in the product vocabulary reference. Give examples for your questions such as: What functionality does this phone have? - You can surf the internet, send email, and download apps. to help students with understanding.Once youve reviewed vocabulary as a class, ask students to provide their own examples of innovative products.  Provide the vocabulary reference and ask students to write five sentence describing a product they like.Have students divide into small groups - three to six students is best.  Ask each group to come up with a new product. They can either invent a new product, or create a variation on a product they know.  Have students answer the worksheet questions about their new product.With the worksheet answered, students should move on to developing a plan for building, designing and marketing their product. Students who feel more comfortable with drawing can design, and business orientated students can take on marketing.   Help students by checking grammar descriptions, asking probing questions about the functionality, logistics of production and marketing, etc.  Students complete the project by giving a presentation to the class. The inventor should provide a product overview, the designer provide a sketch of the product, and the marketer an advertising strategy.  Vote on the best product as a class.   Vocabulary Reference Use these words to discuss, develop and design a new product. functionality (noun) - Functionality describes the purpose of the product. In other words, what does the product do?innovative (adjective) - Products that are innovative are new in some way.aesthetic (noun) - The aesthetics of a product refer to the values (artistic as well as functional)intuitive (adjective) - An intuitive product is self-explanatory. Its easy to know how to use it without having to read a manual.thorough (adjective) - A thorough product is a product that is excellent in every way and well designed.branding (noun) - The branding of a product refers to how a product will be marketed to the public.packaging (noun) - The packaging refers to the container in which the product is sold to the public.marketing (noun) - Marketing refers to how a product will be presented to the public.logo (noun) - The symbol used to identify a product or company.feature (noun) - A feature is a benefit or use of a product.warranty (noun) - The warranty is a guarantee that the product will w ork for a certain period of time. If not, the customer will receive a refund or replacement.component (noun) - A component can be thought of as a part of a product.accessory (noun) - An accessory is something extra that can be bought in order to add functinality to a product.materials (noun) - The materials refer to what a product is made of such as metal, wood, plastic, etc.   Computer Related Products specifications (noun) - The specifications of a product refers to size, construction and materials used.   dimensions (noun) - The size of a product.weight (noun) -  How much something weighs.width (noun) - How wide something is.depth (noun) -  How deep a product is.length (noun) - How long something is.height (noun) - How tall a product is. When developing computer-related products the following specifications are important: display (noun) - The screen used.type (noun) - The type of technology used in a display.size (noun) - How big the display is.resolution (noun) -  How many pixels the display shows. platform (noun) - The type of software / hardware a product uses.OS (noun) - The operating system such as Android or Windows.chipset (noun) - The type of computer chip used.CPU (noun) - Central processing unit - The brain of the product.GPU (noun) - Graphic processing unit - The brain used to display videos, pictures, etc.   memory (noun) - How many gigabytes the product can store.   camera (noun) - The type of camera used to make videos and take photos.   comms (noun) - The different types of communications protocols used such as Bluetooth or WiFi. New Product Questions Answer these questions to help you develop your product.   What functionality does your product provide? Who will use your product? Why will they use it? What problems can your product solve? What advantages does your product present? Why is your product superior to other products? What are the dimensions of your product? How much will your product cost?

Legal Aspects of Nursing Final Proyect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Aspects of Nursing Final Proyect - Essay Example A registered nurse is obligated to use her capabilities and decisions to make resolutions on whether to take on responsibilities or whether to assign the responsibility to another person (Florida Department of Health & Florida Board of Nursing, 2007). A certified nurse should offer care and help that are associated to personal care, maintaining mobility, hydration and nutrition, elimination, use of assistive devices, sustaining the environment and resident safety, data gathering, and post mortem care. In addition, a certified nurse should offer care related to identification of and reporting of abnormal resident findings, symptoms and signs, roles associated with end of life care, resident socialization, leisure activities, and legalization methods and realism course. A registered nurse should perform duties associated with basic first aid, emergency care, and CPR abilities, duties associated with documentation of certified nursing services on daily basis (Florida Department of Healt h & Florida Board of Nursing, 2007). Duties associated with personal care include: dressing, bathing, grooming, shampooing and care of hair, shaving, caring for the skin, feet, and nails, offering and helping with oral hygiene and denture care, offering pericare, sustaining a clean environment, and making a patient’s bed and handling the patient’s linen. ... In the use of assistive devices, a registered nurse has the responsibility of taking care of eyeglasses and contact lenses, applying braces, antiembolus stockings, wheel chairs and crutches, and using comfort devices such as wedges, pillows, boots and wedges (Florida Department of Health & Florida Board of Nursing, 20007). The Florida nursing practice act has the duty to practice his or her profession stanchly, desist from deliberately taking harmful drugs, and desist from overseeing any injurious drug to patients, sustain and elevate standards of the nursing profession, and maintain any confidential information of patients during the practice. In addition, a registered nurse should assist physicians in their practice, follow instituted nursing procedures, follow the instructions of their supervisors, and advocate for his or her patient (Florida Department of Health & Florida Board of Nursing, 2007). Before being licensed as a nurse, an individual should fill an application form and submit a fee that does not exceed $150 set by the board and an examination fee that does not exceed $75. In addition, the individual should pay applicant cost to the board for the purchase of an examination from the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. Before licensure, an individual should also provide adequate information, which must be presented by the department for a nationwide criminal records correspondence check through the department of law enforcement. Before being licensed, an individual should also be physically and mentally sound. In addition, one should be a holder of a high school diploma, and has accomplished the conditions for

RFID and the safety concerns of consumers Essay

RFID and the safety concerns of consumers - Essay Example RFID systems are also faster and more secure than other Auto-ID technologies. Even though RFID tags were invented in 1969 and patented in 1973, the technology is now becoming technologically and commercially viable (Brito, 2005). Understanding the RFID devices and how they work is critical for analyzing privacy issues that surround this technology. The main components of an RFID system are a chip/tag, reader, and database. A reader scans the tag for data and sends the information to a database, which stores the data contained on the tag. The chip or the tag is usually made of silicon and it contains information about the item to which it is attached. A chip is used by retailers and manufacturers to identify consumer goods that may contain an Electronic Product Code (â€Å"EPC†). EPC chips are encrypted with a unique product code that identifies the individual product to which it is attached, and can be read using radio frequency. These codes contain the type of data that product manufacturers and retailers will use to track the authenticity and location of goods throughout the supply chain. RFID chip may also contain information other than an EPC, such as biometric data. The antenna attached to the chip is responsible for transmitting information to the reader, using radio waves. Generally, the bigger the antenna, the longer the read range. The chip and antenna together is referred to as a transponder or, more commonly, as a tag. The reader (or scanning device) also has its own antenna, which it uses to communicate with the tag. Readers vary in size, weight, and power, and may be mobile or stationary. Although anyone with access to the proper reader can scan an RFID tag, RFID systems can employ authentication and encryption to prevent unauthorized reading of data. A reader can scan a tag without physically â€Å"seeing† it. Further, RFID readers can process multiple items at one time, resulting in a

Strategic Management (DAVIS Case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management (DAVIS Case study) - Essay Example On the other hand Berendsen is involved in laundry, textile rental and maintenance etc in almost twelve countries in the continent (Davis-a, n.d.). This paper conducts a comprehensive SWOT analysis of the group. The paper also includes porter’s five forces analysis and BCG matrix in the context of Davis group. SWOT analysis is one of the major tools which is used to identify and analyze an organization’s internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and threats which are likely to come up in near future or already has came up. It is useful strategic planning tool for the purpose of strategic decision making at different level in an organization. SWOT analysis tool was actually founded in 1960 by Robert Stewart, Albert Humphrey and their coworkers at the Stanford Research Institute. Strength: Strengths of Davis group is actually the strengths of two of its strategic business units namely Sunlight and Berendsen. Both Berendsen and Sunlight are the market leaders in their respective operating region and this is the major strength of the Davis group. Both Sunlight and Berendsen cover almost entire Europe. As a result market coverage of Davis group is huge. Further more both the units have strong network as there are large number of processing sites. Employee strength is also a major strength of Davis group. In Sunlight there are almost 9000 employees and in Berendsen there are 7000 employees (Sunlight, n.d.).The group needs to utilize this employee strength to achieve higher economies of scale. Weaknesses: Since both Sunlight and Berendsen are two companies working under the Davis group, it would be difficult to make Berendsen operate in UK and Ireland. Similarly the group would face problem to expand Sunlight in regions outside UK and Ireland. Since both the companies are involved in various textile maintenance service they might come to compete among themselves. This is a major weakness for

Do Structure Matter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Do Structure Matter - Research Paper Example In the New Yorker magazine, the designer shared the readers’ position to understand the much-needed topical matters. Additionally, the New Yorker designers attain customers’ attention by using letters and words that enhance connection, employing the use of challenging language and unbelievable revelations and statements that attract readers’ attention. The designer here therefore steps into the shoes of New Yorker Magazine readers to enable bring out their specific needs that would attract and retain their attention to the content of the magazine. The large bold typeface used help communicate the significance of a heading therefore improving readers attention. The different segments running at the top parts communicate the relevance of each topic covered from books, fiction, daily comments among other headings in bold typeface. The magazine avoids excess use of decorative typeface. However much these have a potential of attracting customers, they may make the magazine hard to read through. This would then push readers to other easier, words, and letterforms in the magazine. This little use of decoration improves readers’ attention and retains their concentration to the contents they read (Jessica & Carolyn, 2007). New Yorker magazine achieve tone and texture in its design through integrating lines of type, words and letterforms. Additionally, it makes good use of weight, line spacing, letter spacing and typeface to attain readers’ attention to the content of the magazine. These design quality enhances brightness and density of type that moderates tone and texture in the magazine. Tone and textures determine an order in which readers go through a text. Putting the main topic in bold and coloring of parts of the text makes them more attractive and appealing to readers irrespective of their relevance (Knight & Glaser, 2013). The magazine uses multiple fonts that prove

Statistics 401 Mod 5 Case - Multiple Regression Analysis Coursework

Statistics 401 Mod 5 Case - Multiple Regression Analysis - Coursework Example In the normal regression analysis, we usually use regression to establish the relationship between a variable and another variable. In such a case, it is establish whether or not the changes in one of the variables affect the other variable. The one which is affected is the dependent variable because it depends on the changes of the other so as to have its changed value. The one which is being depended upon to change is the independent variable because it changes on its own. This is for instance in the case where harvest from a corn field is being tested to establish whether or not it has a relationship with the amount of rainfall in the year. The harvest is the dependent variable while the rainfall amount is the independent variable. In the case of multiple regression analysis, the independent variables are more than one. ... In this analysis where in this case assignment we were looking at housing starts again, this time we added another variable to the equation.   The historical values above give interest rates, lumber prices (dollars per board-foot) and number of starts.  Ã‚  We computed a  multiple regression equation  using these variables, with starts as the DV.   Interest and price are the IVs.  Ã‚   From the computation of the regression analysis, I obtained the results shown above using the excel multiple regression. The regression analysis involved using the Housing stats as the Y variables in the excel regression file, and both the interest rate and the Price per board foot as the X variables. Based on the results of the regression as shown in the excel except above, the regression formula that I computed is of the form Y = a1*X1 + a2*X2 + b Where Y = number of housing starts X1 = interest rates a1 = regression coefficient of interest rates X2 = lumber prices a2 = regression coeffic ient of lumber prices b = constant. The values of a1 and a2 correspond to the values on the Regression coefficients table shown above. The value of a1 is that on the interest rates coefficients which is -1203318. Likewise, the value of a2 is that on the price per board foot coefficient which is -17836.8. The value of the constant b is also found on the coefficients table. It is the value of the sample estimate of the standard deviation of the error In this case it has the value 155138.1. X1 and X2 are of course variables that correspond to the interest rates and the price per board foot respectively. In turn, the formula thus becomes:- Y = -1203318*X1 + -17836.8*X2 + 155138.1 Using this formula, it is now much easy to do

Do Structure Matter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Do Structure Matter - Research Paper Example In the New Yorker magazine, the designer shared the readers’ position to understand the much-needed topical matters. Additionally, the New Yorker designers attain customers’ attention by using letters and words that enhance connection, employing the use of challenging language and unbelievable revelations and statements that attract readers’ attention. The designer here therefore steps into the shoes of New Yorker Magazine readers to enable bring out their specific needs that would attract and retain their attention to the content of the magazine. The large bold typeface used help communicate the significance of a heading therefore improving readers attention. The different segments running at the top parts communicate the relevance of each topic covered from books, fiction, daily comments among other headings in bold typeface. The magazine avoids excess use of decorative typeface. However much these have a potential of attracting customers, they may make the magazine hard to read through. This would then push readers to other easier, words, and letterforms in the magazine. This little use of decoration improves readers’ attention and retains their concentration to the contents they read (Jessica & Carolyn, 2007). New Yorker magazine achieve tone and texture in its design through integrating lines of type, words and letterforms. Additionally, it makes good use of weight, line spacing, letter spacing and typeface to attain readers’ attention to the content of the magazine. These design quality enhances brightness and density of type that moderates tone and texture in the magazine. Tone and textures determine an order in which readers go through a text. Putting the main topic in bold and coloring of parts of the text makes them more attractive and appealing to readers irrespective of their relevance (Knight & Glaser, 2013). The magazine uses multiple fonts that prove

Irish Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Irish Law - Essay Example Case can be referred to the European Court of Justice for final judgments. Commission has general responsibility of promoting good industrial relations in Ireland. In regard it provides a comprehensive range of industrial relations services including advice, conflict resolution,( conciliation facilitation and mediation) and conflict prevention. Conciliation is a voluntary mediation process. In this process, a professional external mediator assists employers and their employees to resolve disputes when their efforts have not succeeded. The process can be described as a facilitated search for agreement between disputing parties. The Labour Relations Commission through its conciliatory process assigns a mediator, known as an Industrial Relations Offices (I.R.O) who acts as an independent, impartial chairperson in discussions and negotiations between the negotiating teams that represent the employer and the employees. Their task is to assist them in their efforts to reach a mutual acceptable settlement to their dispute. For conciliation, a series of meetings are involved that usually take place on the same day. The process starts with industrial relations officer chairing a joint meeting of the parties representing the parties separately. The first meeting enables the IRO to hear the parties assessment of the dispute. Subsequent meetings explore the possibilities for a settlement. . International Law & Conventions International Law which is binding in all members of the United Nations which have been adopted in the members countries have become an important source of Irish Law. Conventions which also require U.N members' ratification have equally become a source of Law in Ireland. The Advisory Powers and Role: The Advisory service division with employers and trade unions in dispute situations to develop effective industrial relations, practices, procedures and structures that best meet their needs. The division is independent, impartial and experienced in industrial relations practice and theory. Discussions with the parties, the staff of the division will tailor assistance to individual union/

How to Analyize and Argue an Essay Essay Example for Free

How to Analyize and Argue an Essay Essay A critique is an essay in which you evaluate (comment on the positive and negative aspects of) an essay or article. A critique can be positive (reasons the argument worked), negative (reasons the argument did not work), or shaded (reasons parts of it worked and parts of it didn’t). When you write a critique, it is important to keep in mind that you are not making suggestions for the author odds are the author isn’t interested in what you think she could have done differently—you are writing for another reader. A critique is often born out of reaction (you liked or disliked the argument), but is based on and supported by close reading and evaluation, not just how you feel. Writing a critique requires that you have a clear understanding of the essay. You should know the argument, the purpose, and the ways that the author supports the argument. If you can’t clearly articulate those things, you’ll have a hard time critiquing them. For tips on that process, see the summary page. Sometimes a critique is called an analysis or a close reading. In all cases you’re offering your own reasoned response to the ideas that the writer presents and the way the writer presents them. What to do: Begin by summarizing the piece. You’ll likely need a brief overview in your introduction anyway, and it never hurts to have a firm sense of the argument in your head before you begin a critique. In many cases your instructor will require you to begin a critique with a summary. Decide whether your critique will be positive or negative. Are you interested in the positives of the piece or the negatives? Did the author convince you or not? Do you want to highlight a combination of positive and negative? Pick several specific points from the essay that you wish to use as your supporting claims. You might take issue with an author’s organization or tone, or with her use of supporting arguments. The more specific you are in your points, the better your critique will be. See below for a list of possible critique points. The thesis of a critique is relatively straightforward. You simply need to present your evaluation of the article you’re critiquing. You then support that thesis using the several points you’ve chosen. In each paragraph of a critique, develop one of your points. Use specific examples from the text. If you want to say that the author’s tone was inappropriate for the subject matter, find a quote and then explain how the tone is inappropriate and why. Usually each paragraph explains only one example. You might have two paragraphs that discuss different examples of the same general point—for instance, two different examples of inappropriate tone. The number of body paragraphs depends on the length of the assignment. A two-page critique might not have more than two or three body paragraphs. A four-page critique might require five or six body paragraphs. Choose enough examples so that you can discuss each one in its own body paragraph. A general rule of thumb is that body paragraphs should be about a half a page long, double-spaced. In your conclusion, you want to remind readers of your thesis and pull all of your examples together. You don’t want your conclusion to simply restate your introduction, nor do you want to provide entirely new information. You want to naturally draw readers to an end. *Elements to Critique Here is a list of various elements you can look for in an article you want to critique. Keep in mind that not every item will be appropriate to every article. Logic: Has the writer picked examples that logically support her claim? Is her reasoning (the way she works out her ideas) in line with the claim and what you know to be true? Logic: Does the writer have reasonable support but is the overall claim itself flawed? (one might claim that global warming doesn’t exist, and then use sources that describe the recent temperature shifts as normal geological cycles. The supporting claims are logical, but the overall claim that global warming doesn’t exist is not logical because the temperatures are, in fact, rising. Does the writer use enough evidence to support his claims? Is the evidence the writer uses appropriate? For example, using outdated statistics is not effective, nor is using evidence that is not actually relevant to the topic. Tone: Is the writer’s tone appropriate to the subject matter? Is the tone at an appropriate level to the audience? If the writer is overly sarcastic, for example, that tone might not be appropriate to a subject like drunk driving. Tone: Does the author seem overly critical of a single person or movement in ways that do not support his or her thesis? Is the word choice appropriate for the audience? (If the article is from a popular magazine such as MacLean’s, but the language is highly technical and specialized, that might be less appropriate. ) Organization: Is the article organized in a way that makes sense? Does the organization make the article easier to read or more difficult? Expertise: Does the author establish herself as an authority on the subject? If so, how? Does she describe her credentials? Use technical terms? Refer to sources? These are just some of the different aspects of an article that are open to critique. Pick a few, look for very specific examples in the text, and build your body paragraphs around them. What it looks like: Below you will find two different samples. Each one contains the introduction and one body paragraph of a critique. One is a mostly positive critique, and one is a negative critique. Positive Critique: In â€Å"Game Theories† Clive Thompson uses the story of a man, Edward Castronova, to discuss online gaming worlds and their economy. He begins with a long introduction about Mr. Castronova, and then proceeds to outline several points about online gaming while still using Castronova’s story throughout the essay. His intent is to bring to light several opinions, facts, and debates regarding virtual reality games. In writing this piece, Thompson is effective in reaching this goal. He does so by using Edward Castronova as a credible example and reference, by his language and word choices, by quoting people highly involved in the virtual world, and by using recognizable and interesting examples of specific online gaming worlds. Thompson begins his essay by introducing readers to Edward Castronova, an economist who investigated the economy of online gaming worlds, and who submitted his findings on an academic website. Right off the bat Thompson draws the attention of readers by presenting Edward Castronova in a simple, story-like way. Readers find stories easy to read and to relate to, and for the first several paragraphs Thompson is in fact telling a brief story. Once Clive Thompson has successfully given readers Castronova’s background, he brings himself into the piece in a brief paragraph telling how he met Castronova. This is very effective because it associates him with the person whom readers are now interested in, and gives them more reason to find his writing credible and worth interest. Being able to associate with a real-life person allows readers to be more connected to the piece and to the author. It brings the entire piece closer to home, so to speak, which makes the entire essay more readable. Readers are more likely to enjoy an essay if they feel they can relate to its topic and to the author. Thompson accomplishes this reader comfort by introducing Edward Castronova and by connecting himself to this man. Negative Critique: In â€Å"Image World,† Michael Posner analyzes society’s dependence on visual stimulation using daily events as examples. Posner demonstrates society’s inability to distinguish reality from fantasy through numerous examples such as theme parks, rock concerts and political campaigns. Posner emphasizes on society’s attachment to imagery because he believes it is the only way to capture our attention, he also believes that it is the only way for people to understand the significance of a piece of writing or event. Posner’s primary audience include readers of Queen’s Quarterly and his secondary audience include students. Although readers recognize Posner’s argument on the effects of imagery within the culture of society, they are not convinced because of his negative outlook; therefore, he is not effective in his argument. In this essay I examine the different methods in which Posner is not effective: the use of excessive examples, tone and language, and organization. Posner’s use of excessive examples to support his argument distracts the reader. Although some readers may believe that using numerous examples further supports Posner’s argument, that writing alone is not enough to captivate the attention of the reader, students would argue against. For instance, he lists â€Å"Logos, billboards, banks of televisions, video monitors, camcorders, games downloadable to cellphones,† examples that have been mentioned already (p. 326). When using example after example, the reader is temporarily distracted and must figure out his point again. As Posner asks, â€Å"More examples? † he insults the reader suggesting that his audience cannot recognize and perceive his main purpose (p. 327). By insulting the reader Posner subtly suggests he knows better, separating himself from his audience. This separation causes the audience, students mainly, to not take him or his writing seriously.

Phase Transformations Microstructural Control

Phase Transformations Microstructural Control Phase transformations microstructural control 2xxx-series Aluminum Alloys Introduction: 2000 Series Aluminum Alloys: Principal alloying element is copper with minor additions of manganese and magnesium. This series of aluminum is the original heat treatable alloy group developed in the 1920s. The best known, most widely used heat treatable alloy for aircraft and aerospace is 2024. Can be spot and friction welded but not fusion welded (a few exceptions being tank structures in the Titan Missile). Has good formability in the annealed temper condition and some formability in the solution treated and aged condition, but needs intelligent application in complex designs. Has excellent fatigue properties when compared to other aluminum alloys, excellent strength to weight ratio. Good machinability. Poor resistance to corrosion without alclad layer or secondary chem film, anodize and/or prime and paint. Can be chem film and anodized readily. Other 2000 series alloys include 2017 seen widely in aluminum rivets, fasteners and screw machine parts and 2014 which is used heavily in forgings. These three alloys, 2024, 2014, and 2017 can be considered the foundations of aluminum aircraft, missiles and space vehicles during these past 75 years. Heat Treating Aluminum Alloys: (1) Example 2024: Aluminum alloys are not allotropic they do not undergo a phase or structure change like steels when heating. But if the right alloying additions are present they can be heat treated by solution heat treating and precipitation hardening. In the early days (1930s) solution heat treatment was referred to as ST, and many times precipitation hardening was referred to as aging. Solution heat treatment involves temperatures very close to the melting point of the aluminum alloy, usually 200 300 deg. below the melting point. The purpose is to provide enough thermal energy to dissolve, in a solid solution, the alloy elements present. In the case of 2024, the major alloy element is copper, and by taking the part to 920 deg. F, the copper present within the 2024 will dissolve or disperse uniformly throughout the solid aluminum part. This can be difficult to comprehend how can something dissolve and still be solid? As Einstein once said, everything is relative Without getting into the solid state physics of the metallurgical reactions, dissolution does occur but only at this high temperature. However, if you slowly cool down the part, the copper wants to come back out of solution. Here is where the important step of quenching takes place. Quenching is a very rapid cool down, using water, on the order of 500 600 deg. per second. Quenching locks in place all alloy elements that have been dissolved at the high solution heat treat temperature. Before the alloy additions can think about changing places and moving back out of solution wham! they are locked in place by the rapid quench cool down. The result is called a super saturated solid solution an unstable condition. Quenching is critical to proper solution heat treatment. Aging Precipitation Hardening can now happen under the right conditions. In the case of natural aging of 2024, or aging at room temperature, the dissolved copper slowly comes back out of solution over an extended time (96 hours minimum), forming CuAl precipitants. Precipitants or precipitated particles can be thought of as army commandos, coming from nowhere out of the sky to stand guard, strengthening the territory. Indeed the word precipitant comes from the weather term precipitation meaning to separate and fall from solution (clouds). Precipitated particles in heat treatable aluminum alloys strengthen the alloy by pinning or locking up numerous microstructural features in the aluminum. Other heat treatable alloys like 6061 and 7075 undergo very similar precipitation reactions, with the actual precipitated particles differing depending on whether zinc, magnesium, manganese, silicon or copper additions are present. The way that metallurgists control the formation of these precipitants will determine the mechanical and corrosion properties later. In the case of artificial aging or precipitation hardening, the previously solution heat treated and quenched parts are subjected to elevated temperatures (instead of room temperature) in the range of 225-375 deg. F over extended periods of time (4-24 hours). The precipitants formed and grown here are more controlled and substantial in nature, resulting in higher mechanical properties as compared to naturally aged conditions. Abstract: Recently, Aluminum and Aluminum alloys are broadly used in several fields of industries due to their properties such as, light weight (low density), good formability, good malleability, high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and high corrosion resistance. In general, pure aluminum and its alloys still have many problems during using in the engineering applications; for example: unstable mechanical properties and relatively low strength . Therefore; adding alloying elements, and heat treatment are done to modify the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of aluminum. The alloying elements could be classified as major and minor elements, microstructure modifiers or impurities, where the minor elements in some alloys may be major elements in other alloys. This report investigates the influences of copper as alloying element on aluminum alloys and then the microstructures mechanical properties relations in this regards. Introduction: Aluminum copper alloys are gaining huge industrial usage because of their outstanding combination of mechanical, physical properties. These properties involve high specific strength specially high temperature strength, high hardness. These properties obtained through addition of copper and other alloy elements and heat treatment ability of this series. Alloying elements are chosen according to their effects and suitability (1) Aluminium-Copper Alloys: Due to the wrought aluminum alloys designation system, aluminium copper alloys are designated 2xxx series. the major alloying element in this series is copper (Cu). 2xxx series could include manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), Silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), and nickel (Ni) as minor alloying elements. Table (1) shows the chemical compositions of some wrought aluminum-copper alloys (2xxx) (2): Table (1): chemical compositions of Al-Cu alloys Alloy Si% Cu% Mn% Mg% Ni% Ti% Other elements% 2011 0.4 max 5.0 6.0 Pb=0.4 Bi=0.4 2014 0.5 1.2 3.9 5.0 0.4 1.2 0.2-0.8 0.15 max 2017 0.2 0.8 3.5 4.5 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.15 max 2018 0.9 max 3.5-4.5 0.4-0.9 1.7-2.3 2024 0. 5 max 3.8 4.9 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.8 0.15 max 2025 0.5-1.2 3.9-5.0 0.4-1.2 0.15 max 2124 0. 2 max 3.8 4.9 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.8 0.15 max 2219 0. 2 max 5.6 6.8 0.2 0.4 0.02 0.1 V=0.1 Zr=0.18 2319 0. 2 max 5.6-6.8 0.2-0.4 0.1-0.2 V=0.1, Zr=0.18 Microstructure-Property Relationships: Copper which is the primary alloying element in the 2xxx series alloys increases the tensile strength, fatigue strength and hardness of aluminum alloys because of the effect of solid solution hardening. It also improve the machinability of alloys by increasing matrix hardness. However, copper reduces the corrosion resistance and the ductility. The following diagram illustrates the maximum solubility of copper in aluminum (up to 6.5%) (2). Fig (4): Partial phase diagram for the aluminum-copper system showing the maximum solubility of copper in aluminum Good solubility of copper in aluminum up to 5.65% at T=548oC (eutectic temperature). Eutectic phase consists of ÃŽÂ ± phase (Al 5.65%Cu) which is ductile and ÃŽÂ ¸ phase (CuAl2;52.75%Cu) which is brittle. 5 > 5% Cu ÃŽÂ ± phase in some cases surrounded by ÃŽÂ ¸ phase. 33% Cu so brittle according to high amount of brittle ÃŽÂ ¸ phase. Aluminum-copper alloys are the group of aluminum alloys which are heat-treatable. Where by increasing temperature copper demonstrates increasing solid solubility in aluminum. As sequence significant additional strengthening could be produced and stabilizing of the structure could be achieved (7). References: 1. Rana R S, Purohit R, Das S. Reviews on the Influences of Alloying Elements on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloys and Aluminium Alloys composites. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 6, 2012; ISSN 2250-3153. 2. Substances Technologies. Wrought aluminum-copper alloys (2xxx). Weblog. Available from: http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=wrought_aluminum-copper_alloys_2xxx 3. Yong Lee C, Hyun Choi D, Bae Lee W, Park SK, Yeon YM, Jung SB. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Double-Friction Stir Welded 2219 Al Alloy. Materials Transactions , Vol. 49, No. 4 (2008) pp. 885 to 888. 4. Robinson J. S,. Cudd R. L,. Evans J. T. Creep resistant aluminium alloys and their applications. Materials perspective 2003. 5. The Aluminum Association, Inc. Aluminum Alloy Selection and Applications. 1998; (202) 862-5100. 6. ASM Vol 06 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering. 7. AlcoTec. The Differences Between Heat-Treatable and Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys. Weblog. Available from: http://www.alcotec.com/us/en/education/knowledge/qa/The-Differences-Between-Heat-Treatable-and-Non-Heat-Treatable-Aluminum-Alloys.cfm 8. Yong Lee1C, Choi1DH, Lee WB, Park SK, Yeon YM, Jung SB. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Double-Friction Stir Welded 2219 Al Alloy. 2008;Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 4 (2008) pp. 885 to 888.

consumer agency :: essays research papers

An agency with the goal of protecting the public from preventable deaths and injuries related with products on the market is the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Their job is to keep consumers away from products that are hazardous and harmful to them and their children. To do their job they establish safety standards, safety rules, and even ban rules. They also repair and replace or refund a product that is unsafe and can be dangerous. Other things that the CPSC does are regulating toys, cribs, cigarette lighters, and other household items to ensure that they are safe to use. An agency similar to the CPSC is the Food and Drug Administration, which first came about in 1906. The difference is that instead of regulating hazardous products, the Food and Drug Administration regulates unsafe food and drugs. Along with regulating food and drugs they also regulate medical devices and cosmetics. The FDA also makes sure that all products are properly labeled. The FDA’s job is investigating and inspecting products to ensure that no unsafe food or drug may surface to consumers. To do their job, each year the FDA visits thousands of facilities that make food and drugs. The FDA inspects these facilities and if they find that the facility is not following their laws they can send the company to court. Another agency that protects consumers is the U.S Department of Agriculture. The USDA’s purpose is to improve the production of agriculture. The USDA ensures a safe and nutritious food supply to consumers. They also protect agriculture and range land, bring modern sounds and clean drinking water to rural communities, provide rural areas land for farming, and work to provide food to needy people all around the world. The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1915. Its purpose is to keep a free and fair business competition by a number of laws. The Federal Trade Commission prevents false advertising of food and drugs, along with cosmetics and other consumer products. The FTC also investigates business to see if they are running it fairly. If a corporation is not being run fairly the FTC has permission to send that company to court, where the company must prove that it is or the FTC can get rid of the company and its unjust acts.

Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy

Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of the world most terribly influenced by AIDS.   By the end of 2004 it was estimated that twenty-six million inhabitants in Sub-Saharan Africa were suffering from AIDS. Approximately seven to eight per cent of the grown population is affected, with occurrence rates getting as high as forty per cent in a few countries.Females are strangely infected, with adolescent girls five times more prone than teenage boys to catch AIDS. In 2004 only, two million people expired of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.However the epidemic has far stretched from its peak, since infectivity rates are still exceeded casualties from AIDS. Due to the gap between infectivity and successive death, we have until now to see the full impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s society as a whole.There have been differing opinions over how AIDS has affected the economic future of the African continent. Mixed messages on the true economic repercussions of the spread of the disease have contributed to a limited response, despite the inclusion of combating AIDS in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).One of the least studied but most significant areas of the epidemic's impact is rural agriculture. Though long de-prioritized, rural agriculture is a source of livelihood for millions on the African continent and is now again being perceived as a crucial contributor to economic growth and development by such organizations as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).Hunger, food aid and agricultural subsidies are all key elements of the current discourse on Africa in policy circles and in the media, but few studies have assessed the impact of AIDS on agriculture to push for specific interventions to mitigate the impact of the epidemic on rural agriculture.This disease has affected millions of people and since many of them are farmers therefore it has indirectly affected agriculture also. Since agriculture is a major source of capital for individuals and t he country therefore it has affected the economy of Africa also. It seems clear that such high levels of illness and mortality will severely hamper economic performance in the most heavily affected countries.Yet over the last decade, a number of macroeconomic studies have declared that AIDS is not having a significant impact on GDP growth. These analyses are important because they provide ammunition that allows statesmen and scholars to dismiss the epidemic as not worthy of action and funding.In circles of power around the world, it is money that drives policy initiatives. The claim that AIDS is not impacting economic performance speaks loudly and prevents aggressive intervention.( n5)This paper will start with an assessment of a number of the macroeconomic studies that aim to measure the impact of AIDS on GDP growth, and which contribute to the justification of a limited international response to the disease.Macroeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSThe assessments of the macroec onomic impact of AIDS have been largely dismissive due to the unique character of the epidemic. AIDS affects the poorest of the poor: those who are not recognized or measured by traditional macroeconomic indicators. (Ruxin, 2004)As a UN report on â€Å"The Impact of AIDS† notes, â€Å"those rural people whose activities are not counted by standard measurements of economic performance and productivity are among the most vulnerable to the impact of AIDS.†( Bloom,   Mahal, 1997, 108)By not fully accounting for the informal sector, the rural economy and small-scale agriculture are largely dismissed, and women, who play a large role in the informal economy and agricultural sector, are marginalized. While the macroeconomic studies assessing the impact of AIDS disregard them, in fact it is the poor, the rural and women who are most affected by the disease.After decades of neglect by governments and abandonment by structural adjustment programs, there is a renewed focus on a griculture by international organizations and groups such as the World Bank and NEPAD. Agriculture is once again being seen as a driving force for growth in Africa.The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) released in July 2003 states that â€Å"the high economic growth rates envisaged by NEPAD cannot be realized unless farm production is significantly increased. Higher output will directly reduce hunger and bring down the cost of food imports.It will also have wider economic benefits, from stimulating rural incomes to providing raw materials for African industry.†(Harsch, 2004, 13) However, the rural areas are where AIDS is having its most devastating impact.At a time when population growth is high relative to other emerging economies, the amount of arable land is stable, the quality of land is degrading, and output per hectare stagnant, the rural areas are under increased pressure.Adding the AIDS epidemic into an already precarious mix of factors fo rces the agricultural sector into a dangerous downward spiral and threatens hopes for economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.Few of the macroeconomic studies specifically address rural livelihoods and agriculture. They also assess the impact of AIDS without acknowledging that, from an economic point of view, the primary impact of the disease manifests mainly among individual economic agents, i.e. individuals and households. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)As a result, these macroeconomic models often fail to allow for the effects of a number of important microeconomic impacts which are endogenous to such models. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)Though the death of an individual might only represent a minor change in GDP, the macroeconomists fail to understand the ripple effect chronic illness and death has on communities. The impoverishment of communities cascades upwards and impacts macroeconomic measures. The traditional macroeconomic research approach is not sufficient in the face of the widespr ead devastation of AIDS.Microeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSIt is vital for researchers to conduct microeconomic household-level studies on the impact of AIDS. Such analyses document the economic choices that households and individuals are forced to make in the face of the epidemic in terms of household composition, labor, productivity, savings and coping strategies.It is these behaviors that will inform observers of the real impact the epidemic is having on sub-Saharan Africa and will thus serve as the basis for understanding the effect of AIDS on families, communities and the nation.Rural Household StudiesIt is clear from existing microeconomic household-level analyses that AIDS is devastating and will continue to devastate Sub-Saharan Africa's rural agricultural sector and, through it, undermines the agricultural and rural revival that many see as the basis of Africa's recovery.As Carolyn Baylies notes, â€Å"AIDS is having a profound effect, undermining rural household production, contributing to declining agricultural output and affecting the very integrity of families and their sustainability as viable units.†(Baylies, 2002, 12)This paper will now delve into a number of the microeconomic studies, with a focus on rural agricultural household studies, to assess the house hold level impact of the epidemic and to investigate the effects that the macroeconomic analyses have largely missed.A 2002 household impact study conducted in South Africa by Frederick Booysen and Max Bachmann explores the impact of AIDS on families in the Free State province. Researchers note that deaths in the households due to AIDS mostly occurred in individuals in their 20s and 30s.A Rwandan study revealed that, for those that died, the average period of illness before death was 23 months: a long period during which care had to be provided and medicines sought. (Donovan, 2003) Household illness dramatically increases the dependency ratio in the home.Booysen and Bachmann note that the households affected by AIDS in fact have a smaller supply of labor than non-affected households, with a larger proportion of the household consisting of children and elderly persons. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Furthermore, dependency is exacerbated by the fact that many individuals return to their rural homes to receive terminal care after becoming ill. (Jayne, 2002)The South African study also assesses the impact of AIDS on household income. The authors note that â€Å"per capita and adult equivalent income in affected households represents only between 50% and 60% of the levels of income in non-affected households.†(Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)This dramatic drop results not only from the loss of labor of the infected individual but also from the burden of care that falls on family members. Importantly, Booysen and Bachmann also explore the impact of the disease on expenditure levels.AIDS significantly alters the consumption patterns of households: â€Å"per capit a and adult equivalent expenditure is between 60% and 70% of the levels of expenditure in non-affected households.† (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Notably, affected households spend less on food than non-affected households, which has a negative impact on the health of household members.

Justice in Antigone

Antiquity and the 19th Century (Ulfers) William Rauscher Thursday, 9:30AM Justice in Antigone In Sophocles’ Antigone, two notions of ‘justice’ are presented, which conflict with each other. Creon’s form of justice rewards the loyal Eteocles and punishes the traitor Polyneices, by refusing to give Polyneices proper burial rites. This form of justice directly conflicts with Antigone’s idea of justice, which doesn’t differentiate between the â€Å"wicked† and the â€Å"just. † These two conflicting thoughts on justice illustrate two classic philosophies.Creon represents a Paramenidean view of justice, while Antigone represents a Heraclitean view of justice. Paramenidean thought splits the world into two systems, where â€Å"Being† is primary and â€Å"Becoming† is secondary (Ulfers, Lecture). To Paramenides, â€Å"Being† is associated with the idea of â€Å"oneness† and â€Å"timelessness,† while a ny â€Å"Becoming† or process is an illusion produced by the senses. This dualistic worldview simplifies everyday occurrences and thoughts into opposites, which are unchangeable. In contrast, Heraclitean thought presents â€Å"Becoming† as primary, while â€Å"Being† is secondary (Ulfers, Lecture).Heraclitus regards change and temporality as ultimate in a perpetual process of â€Å"Becoming. † Heraclitus goes on to argue that opposites are simultaneously present in a state known as chiasmic unity. Chiasmic unity constitutes a paradoxical unity of opposites, which binds opposites together and keeps them apart. Heraclitean thought favors the logic of â€Å"both/and,† which violates the Paramenidean logic of â€Å"either/or. † Antigone presents a Heraclitean view of justice in a conversation with her sister Ismene abut Creon’s proclamation that their brother, Polyneices, will ot receive proper burial rites. Antigone determines that Creon has no authority to dictate burial rites: â€Å"It is not for him [Creon] to keep me from my own† (Sophocles, 163). By choosing to defy Creon’s decree, Antigone accepts her fate as â€Å"a criminal-but a religious one,† revealing that she wants to make her act of defiance a public example. Antigone does not fear Creon’s threat of punishment because she follows a different form of justice based on a higher religious authority.Religion functions in a chiasmic structure, where the opposite values of â€Å"wicked† and â€Å"just,† lose their oppositional aspects (Ulfers, Lecture). Antigone’s commitment to a Heraclitean view of justice allows her to defy the sovereign, yet keep her honor: â€Å"No suffering of mine will be enough to make me die ignobly† (Sophocles 165). In contrast, Ismene chooses to follow Creon’s interpretation of justice because he is the current ruling power, whose authority is unquestioned. She is not a ble to see past the â€Å"either/or† logic Creon has imposed on his people.As a wiser, older sister, Ismene warns Antigone about disobeying Creon, pleading with Antigone to come to her senses: â€Å"†¦and see how miserable our end shall be if in the teeth of law we shall transgress against the sovereign’s decree and power†¦Extravagant action is not sensible† (Sophocles, 163). Ismene determines that Antigone’s intended action is flawed because it goes beyond the simplicity of following the sovereign’s law. Despite these warnings, Antigone is compelled to defy Creon’s proclamation as a result of her Heraclitean view of justice.Creon confronts Antigone for defying his decree. In contrast to Antigone, Creon represents the Paramenidean view of justice, which is based on an oppositional order of wicked and just, punishment and reward (Ulfers, Lecture). Creon extends these distinctions to the realm of the dead: â€Å"My enemy is still my enemy even in death† (Sophocles 181). Creon believes that by extending the intolerance of treachery into death’s realm, he will set an example that will dissuade any future uprisings against his rule.Antigone shows no remorse for her actions, believing that Creon’s rule does not extend to the realm of the dead: â€Å"†¦it was not Zeus that made the proclamation; nor did Justice, which lives with those below, enact such laws as that, for mankind. I did not believe your proclamation had such power to enable one who will someday die to override God’s ordinances† (Sophocles 178). Antigone disagrees with Creon, since death is inevitable and is neither considered a punishment nor a reward. In this sense, judgment is suspended in the realm of death.She feels that the mortal Creon cannot make a proclamation that governs the realm of the dead. Antigone embodies a â€Å"law† that revolves around the chiasmic unity of the opposite values of honor and dishonor attributed to Etocles and Polyneices, respectively (Ulfers, Lecture). She will not give allegiance to the temporal rules of Creon, since she will be in conflict with the higher authority of the gods regarding the realm of death: â€Å"The god of death demands these rites for both† (Sophocles 181).As a result of Antigone’s public display of disobedience toward Creon’s rule, Creon believes that he is forced to fulfill the justified punishment of death on Antigone. In order to uphold his authority as a good ruler, he feels that he has to rule with intolerance toward disobedience: â€Å"The man the city set up in authority must be obeyed in small things and in just but also in their opposites† (Sophocles, 187). In Creon’s mind, creating a victorious rule means inflexible justice, order, and discipline.This unchanging mentality of a strict separation of being either loyal or disloyal and receiving either reward or punishment represents a Pa ramenidean view of justice. His form of justice is devoid of leniency and mercy, only seeing his own perspective on justice. Creon finally realizes the true â€Å"injustice† of his law only after the tragic deaths of his son, wife, and Antigone: â€Å"The mistakes of a blinded man are themselves rigid and laden with death† (Sophocles, 209).His inflexible decrees blinded him from true justice by locking him into a rigid Paramenidean view of the world. After facing unparalleled tragedies, he ultimately has gained insight into Antigone’s â€Å"justice. † Creon has switched from the Paramenidean separation of opposites to the chiasmic unity of opposites: â€Å"Everything in my hands is crossed† (Sophocles, 212). Creon is now able to comprehend that not everything can be categorized into separate distinctions to be judged, seeming to accept the Heraclitean view of justice.Creon sees the error in his notion of justice, but he is too late to prevent the t ragedy that befalls him. His absolute power of ruling combined with his pride and arrogance leads him to be blinded to Antigone’s beliefs. At the end of the play, Creon gains â€Å"wisdom† from his â€Å"unwelcome fate† realizing that he â€Å"[should] have kept the old accepted laws† (Sophocles 204, 212). This realization bestows upon him the knowledge to rule in favor of the â€Å"both/and† Heraclitean view of justice, rather than the â€Å"either/or† Paramenidean view of justice that he once followed.

“the Catcher in the Rye Expository Essay”

â€Å"The catcher in the rye expository essay† The catcher in the rye is a book I have read and really enjoyed because of the plot and the characters in the novel. â€Å"I always call it the catcher of the rye of the new generation. † (www. Thinkexist. comJessica sharzer) the novel takes place in New York. This narrativeis really enjoyable and fun to read. This novel deals with a lot of issues and this is the reason I enjoyed this innovative story. The story takes place in New York City and this is one of the many reasons why I like this novel. The story was also written in a narrative format because of the way the main character: Holden Coldenfield. Holden narrates throughout the entire narrative because he is the narrator. He has been kicked out of eight different schools due to the way he acts in class and towards his peers. He also smokes to keep his stress down because of the way he acts. Every single person who knows of Holden would not like or even care for him. The only person who cared for him is his little sister. The family does not know he was kicked out of his new school Yancy academy. Holden cares for his little sister Phoebe Caulfield. Holden also stays at a hotel for a couple of nights after being kicked of his poised school Yancy academy. He tries to act like an adult to show he is not afraid even though he is sixteen. When Holden couldn’t afford to stay at the hotel anymore he decided to stay with a teacher who tries to molest him while he sleeps and Holden then decides to leave the teachers house without calling the police. While he is walking he happens upon a bar and decides to walk in even though he is sixteen but he has a fake driver’s license and he sees a girl dancing by herself and so he decides to ask her out and it does not end well for him. Holden decides to leave New York for another city because he knows that his family will send him to another prep school. His family might start to miss him since he was their only son and they took him for granted. Before leaving he finds his sister while she is on a field trip in central park and takes her to a merry go round before leaving. Since Holden really cares for Phoebe he explains to her that he is leaving and won’t be coming back and he tells her that he loves her. He also tells Phoebe the dream he had explaining him being a catcher in the rye and how he was catching little kids as they ran off a cliff. After he is done telling her this she asks him if she could go with him when he leaves New York. Finally, the catcher in the rye is a novel that I have read and enjoyed because of the characters and the plot in the novel. â€Å"I will always call it the catcher in the rye of the new generation. †(Jessica sharzer)

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism is considered an academic crime in academic settings. There is no school, college, or university anywhere in the world that does not discourage the act of plagiarism. The reason is that plagiarism is an academic crime that violates the rules and ethics of creative writing. Such detection tools are available that can easily detect whether a student has copied something from somewhere or not. As Sumerset states, â€Å"with plenty of tools that can spot copied, repurposed or coopted text, attempting to plagiarize other people's material can be an exercise in nothing but getting caught red-handed†. Some colleges and universities even expel such students who commit the act of plagiarism. Such strict standards discourage students from doing any kind of plagiarism in their personal essays and reports. Let us now discuss the ways one may plagiarize in his/her papers, reports, and other documents. How One May Plagiarize Plagiarism is basically of three to four types. Sometim es, writers do not even know that they are plagiarizing or not. However, when they get the results, they get to know the fact that they have plagiarized unknowingly. The best way to detect the occurrence of any sort of plagiarism is to use some plagiarism detection software that can check whole document for plagiarism. One of the main ways a person can plagiarize is by forgetting to put direct quotations within inverted commas. Use of inverted commas for direct quotations or sentences from web and non-print sources is a basic rule regarding plagiarism. Some people forget this rule and commit plagiarism. For example, if a person copies a sentence from somewhere and pastes it in his/her own paper without putting the sentence within inverted commas and mentioning the name of the author and the page number at the end of the sentence and in the references page, it will be plagiarism. Another way through which a person can plagiarize is by changing the words of the copied sentence thinkin g that changed wording does not cause plagiarism. It is true but for short sentences. Sometimes people try to write whole paragraphs using their own words and in the same order of sentences. However, they do not mention the source of the paragraph at the end of the paragraph. This is called paragraph paraphrasing and is plagiarism if not cited properly. Sometimes people just change the order of the words of the copied sentences. They are not aware of the fact that changing the order of the words does not change the original wording of the sentence. This is called Mosaic plagiarism, which occurs due to lack of knowledge of referencing rules (Rajeev). For example, if a copied sentence is ‘A mouse was under the table’. Now, if a person changes it to ‘Under the table was a mouse’, it will be mosaic plagiarism. Ways to Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism is an act of cheating which not only harms a student’s creative writing ability but also affects the reputatio n of the institute if the paper of the student is caught for plagiarism at any platform. One can take ideas of others for writing a report or any other document but he/she should always mention the original source of that information or ideas in order to make the use of those ideas legal. Moreover, it is not sufficient to mention the source of the information only within the text of the paper. Failing to include complete reference/source in the references page also results in plagiarism. Some